publications

publications by categories in reversed chronological order. generated by jekyll-scholar.

2025

  1. puzzlejax.gif
    Puzzlejax: A benchmark for reasoning and learning
    Sam Earle, Graham Todd, Yuchen Li, and 5 more authors
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.16821, 2025
  2. Autoverse: Evolving symbolic neural cellular automata environments to train player agents
    Sam Earle and Julian Togelius
    In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, 2025
  3. scriptdoctor_pipeline.png
    ScriptDoctor: Automatic Generation of PuzzleScript Games via Large Language Models and Tree Search
    Sam Earle, Ahmed Khalifa, Muhammad Umair Nasir, and 4 more authors
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.06524, 2025
  4. dreamgarden.png
    DreamGarden: A Designer Assistant for Growing Games from a Single Prompt
    Sam Earle, Samyak Parajuli, and Andrzej Banburski-Fahey
    In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2025
  5. mapcgrl.gif
    Video Game Level Design as a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Problem
    Sam Earle, Zehua Jiang, Eugene Vinitsky, and 1 more author
    In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, 2025
  6. Demonstrating DreamGarden: A Designer Assistant for Growing Games from a Single Prompt
    Sam Earle, Samyak Parajuli, and Andrzej Banburski-Fahey
    In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2025
  7. All stories are one story: Emotional arc guided procedural game level generation
    Yunge Wen, Chenliang Huang, Hangyu Zhou, and 5 more authors
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.02132, 2025
  8. Benchmarking language models with the new york times connections puzzle
    Graham Todd, Tim Merino, Sam Earle, and 1 more author
    IEEE Transactions on Games, 2025
  9. Amorphous Fortress Online: Collaboratively Designing Open-Ended Multi-Agent AI and Game Environments
    M Charity, Mayu Wilson, Steven Lee, and 3 more authors
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.05632, 2025
  10. Pcgrllm: Large language model-driven reward design for procedural content generation reinforcement learning
    In-Chang Baek, Sung-Hyun Kim, Sam Earle, and 4 more authors
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.10906, 2025
  11. All stories are one story: Emotional arc guided procedural game level generation
    Yunge Wen, Chenliang Huang, Hangyu Zhou, and 5 more authors
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.02132, 2025
  12. A Markovian Framing of WaveFunctionCollapse for Procedurally Generating Aesthetically Complex Environments
    Franklin Yiu, Mohan Lu, Nina Li, and 5 more authors
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.09919, 2025

2024

  1. Llmatic: neural architecture search via large language models and quality diversity optimization
    Muhammad Umair Nasir, Sam Earle, Julian Togelius, and 2 more authors
    In proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 2024
  2. Large language models and games: A survey and roadmap
    Roberto Gallotta, Graham Todd, Marvin Zammit, and 4 more authors
    IEEE Transactions on Games, 2024
  3. Missed connections: Lateral thinking puzzles for large language models
    Graham Todd, Tim Merino, Sam Earle, and 1 more author
    In 2024 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 2024
  4. dc.gif
    Dreamcraft: Text-guided generation of functional 3D environments in Minecraft
    Sam Earle, Filippos Kokkinos, Yuhe Nie, and 2 more authors
    In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, 2024
  5. Autoverse: An evolvable game language for learning robust embodied agents
    Sam Earle and Julian Togelius
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.04221, 2024
  6. Making new connections: LLMs as puzzle generators for The New York Times’ connections word game
    Tim Merino, Sam Earle, Ryan Sudhakaran, and 2 more authors
    In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, 2024
  7. Amorphous Fortress: Exploring Emergent Behavior and Complexity in Multi-Agent 0-Player Games
    M Charity, Sam Earle, Dipika Rajesh, and 2 more authors
    In 2024 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), 2024
  8. Scaling, control and generalization in reinforcement learning level generators
    Sam Earle, Zehua Jiang, and Julian Togelius
    In 2024 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 2024

2023

  1. Quality Diversity in the Amorphous Fortress: Evolving for Complexity in 0-Player Games
    Sam Earle, M Charity, Julian Togelius, and 1 more author
    In Second Agent Learning in Open-Endedness Workshop, 2023
  2. Amorphous Fortress: Observing Emergent Behavior in Multi-Agent FSMs
    M Charity, Dipika Rajesh, Sam Earle, and 1 more author
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.13169, 2023
  3. Evolutionary Machine Learning and Games
    Julian Togelius, Ahmed Khalifa, Sam Earle, and 2 more authors
    In Handbook of Evolutionary Machine Learning, 2023
  4. llmatic_flowchart.png
    LLMatic: Neural Architecture Search via Large Language Models and Quality-Diversity Optimization
    Muhammad U Nasir, Sam Earle, Julian Togelius, and 2 more authors
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.01102, 2023
  5. Controllable Path of Destruction
    Matthew Siper, Sam Earle, Zehua Jiang, and 2 more authors
    2023
  6. Level Generation Through Large Language Models
    Graham Todd, Sam Earle, Muhammad Umair Nasir, and 2 more authors
    In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, 2023
  7. render_007_big_split.png
    Pathfinding Neural Cellular Automata
    Sam Earle, Ozlem Yildiz, Julian Togelius, and 1 more author
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.06820, 2023

2022

  1. Learning Controllable 3D Level Generators
    Zehua Jiang, Sam Earle, Michael Green, and 1 more author
    In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, 2022
  2. Generating Diverse Indoor Furniture Arrangements
    Ya-Chuan Hsu, Matthew Fontaine, Sam Earle, and 3 more authors
    In ACM SIGGRAPH 2022 Posters, 2022
  3. zelda_1.gif
    Illuminating diverse neural cellular automata for level generation
    Sam Earle, Justin Snider, Matthew C Fontaine, and 2 more authors
    In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 2022

2021

  1. Video games as a testbed for open-ended phenomena
    Sam Earle, Julian Togelius, and Lisa B Soros
    In 2021 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 2021
  2. Exploring open-ended gameplay features with Micro RollerCoaster Tycoon
    Michael Cerny Green, Victoria Yen, Sam Earle, and 3 more authors
    arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.04342, 2021
  3. zelda_path.gif
    Learning controllable content generators
    Sam Earle, Maria Edwards, Ahmed Khalifa, and 2 more authors
    In 2021 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 2021

2020

  1. Pcgrl: Procedural content generation via reinforcement learning
    Ahmed Khalifa, Philip Bontrager, Sam Earle, and 1 more author
    In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, 2020

2019

  1. interBully_0.gif
    Using Fractal Neural Networks to Play SimCity 1 and Conway’s Game of Life at Variable Scales
    Sam Earle
    2019